The huge losses that can result from strikes raise the question of how strikes can be prevented. The consequences of strikes can include:
- The employer’s loss of clients
- Financial losses for businesses
- Closure of businesses
- Industrial sabotage
- Loss of pay and financial hardship for employees
- Dismissals
- Court cases
- Reinstatement orders
- Strike interdicts
- Picketing
- Blockades
- Violence and death
- Damage to the national economy if the strikes are widespread and/or last a long time.
- Reduction in investor confidence
- A negative relationship between employers and employees/unions once the strike is over.
The above list of consequences provides more than enough reason for the introduction of mechanisms for prevention of strikes. However, this is no easy task as the Labour Relations Act (LRA) gives employees the right to strike. While this effectively prevents employers from imposing outright bans on strikes, the LRA itself limits the right to strike. Section 65(1) of the LRA states that “No person may take part in a strike or a lock-out, or in any conduct in contemplation of a strike or lockout if:
- that person is bound by a collective agreement that prohibits a strike or a lockout in respect of the issue in dispute;
- that person is bound by an agreement that requires the issue in dispute to be referred to arbitration.
The above section makes it clear that the law allows employers and employees to enter into agreements that prohibit strikes and lockouts. By replacing these with the alternative of arbitration, there may be less drastic consequences than strikes.
The disadvantage of using the arbitration alternative is that the arbitrator’s decision is final and the parties are bound to comply with it. Take an example where the trade unions are demanding an 11% wage increase for their members but the employers are reluctant to go much higher than 8%. Should the dispute go to arbitration and should the arbitrator rule that the wage increase is to be 9,5%, the parties will have to comply with this decision even if this results in financial or other difficulties for them.
However, the advantages of an arbitrated settlement far outweigh the potential disadvantage. These advantages could include:
- A swift conclusion to wage negotiations.
- Elimination or reduction of the ill will caused by industrial action.
- Saving of the money that could be lost during the strike/lockout due to the non-payment of employees’ wages or to industrial sabotage, violence, interdicts and lost business.
- Avoidance of injury and loss of life.
- Improved investor confidence and consequent job creation.
The problem is that the LRA does not give the CCMA or bargaining council jurisdiction to arbitrate wage disputes. Instead, section 64(1) allows the parties to engage in industrial action (and not arbitration) where conciliation has failed to resolve the dispute. Fortunately, the law does allow the parties to agree to private arbitration for purposes of resolving wage disputes. However, should the parties agree to private arbitration they must choose an arbitrator who is:
- reputable
- fully conversant with labour law and with the need for positive industrial relations.
- able to gather the facts of the case effectively from both parties.
- able to assess the facts properly and fairly.
- able to reach a decision that is both fair and realistically implementable.
On those occasions that I have adjudicated arbitration matters, I have noticed that it is not necessarily the party who is right that wins. Rather it is the party who presents its case most expertly that is able to persuade the arbitrator of what the right outcome should be.
To book for our 17 September webinar on WINNING AT THE CCMA IN THE COVID ENVIRONMENT please contact Ronni at ronni@labourlawadvice.co.za or on 0845217492 or (011) 782-3066.
